{"id":191,"date":"2020-12-09T16:54:45","date_gmt":"2020-12-09T09:54:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cdha.edu.vn\/cdha\/?p=191"},"modified":"2020-12-23T19:20:23","modified_gmt":"2020-12-23T12:20:23","slug":"ve-mot-su-hieu-lam-thuat-ngu-prospective","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cdha.edu.vn\/cdha\/ve-mot-su-hieu-lam-thuat-ngu-prospective\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef &#8220;prospective&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00e0i n\u00e0y hay m\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c tr\u00f4i \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u m\u1ea5t&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tu\u1ea5n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>M\u1edbi&nbsp;\u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 t\u1eb7ng T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed T\u1eadp ch\u00ed Y h\u1ecdc Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1edbi c\u00e2u vi\u1ebft k\u00e8m: &#8220;Mong&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00f3p \u00fd\u201d. \u0110\u1ecdc qua nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o y h\u1ecdc th\u00fa v\u1ecb trong t\u1eadp san t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m&nbsp;\u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef d\u00f9ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u y h\u1ecdc.&nbsp;\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&nbsp;(v\u00e0 t\u1eeb&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3&nbsp;s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai) thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef &#8220;prospective&#8221; v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 &#8220;ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee9u&#8221;. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ng\u1eafn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u: t\u1ed5ng quan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u y h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t&nbsp;<span>\u0111a d\u1ea1ng<\/span>&nbsp;v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c,&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v<\/span>\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n (c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef khoa h\u1ecdc&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c nghi<\/span>\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 qua&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u00f3 m<\/span>\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c h<\/span>\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o hai ti\u00eau ch\u00ed:&nbsp;<i>th\u1eddi gian<\/i>&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;<i><span>\u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/span><\/i>. V\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo 3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><i>cross-sectional study<\/i>&nbsp;l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi&nbsp;<span>\u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span>. T\u00f4i t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 &#8220;nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi&nbsp;<span>\u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span>&#8221; (thay v\u00ec c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch &#8220;nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1eaft ngang&#8221; nh\u01b0&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p trong n\u01b0\u1edbc hay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng)<\/span>;<\/li><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i>prospective study&nbsp;<\/i>l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng theo d<\/span>\u00f5i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian<\/span>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho t\u1eebng&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp&nbsp;<\/span>nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n (hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai). V\u00ec th\u1eddi gian t\u00ednh, nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 khi c\u00f2n&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l<\/span>\u00e0&nbsp;<i>longitudinal study,&nbsp;<\/i>v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u00f4i t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 &#8220;nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo th\u1eddi gian&#8221; (thay v\u00ec c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb &#8220;ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee9u&#8221; nh\u01b0&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p trong n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng);<\/span><\/li><li><i>case-control study&nbsp;<\/i>(t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch &#8220;nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng\u201d)&nbsp;<\/span>l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h<\/span>\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 trong&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u00f3 nh<\/span>\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;<span>\u0111<\/span>\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng,&nbsp;<\/span>nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 (past) c\u1ee7a&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V<\/span>\u00ec&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t<\/span>\u00ecm v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 n\u00ean nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y c\u00f2n&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l<\/span>\u00e0&nbsp;<i>retrospective study&nbsp;<\/i>(m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 &#8220;h\u1ed3i c\u1ee9u&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t theo&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi<\/span>\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00f3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i>nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u can thi\u1ec7p (interventional hay experimental study)<\/i>&nbsp;l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00e0&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c can thi\u1ec7p. C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201ccan thi\u1ec7p\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l<\/span>\u00e0 sau khi&nbsp;<span>\u0111<\/span>\u00e3 tuy\u1ec3n&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v<\/span>\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, h\u1ecd&nbsp;<i>s\u1ebd<\/i>&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb hay can thi\u1ec7p trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Can thi\u1ec7p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l<\/span>\u00e0 khi b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n&nbsp;<span>\u0111<\/span>\u00e3&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v<\/span>\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi&nbsp;<span>\u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c nghi<\/span>\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1eabu nhi<\/span>\u00ean (<i>randomized controlled clinical trial<\/i>&nbsp;hay RCT)&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v<\/span>\u00e0o nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u can thi\u1ec7p. V\u00ec ph\u1ea3i theo d\u00f5i&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo th\u1eddi gian, n<\/span>\u00ean c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u RCT c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;<i>prospective&nbsp;<\/i>(theo th\u1eddi gian).<\/li><li><i>nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan s\u00e1t (observational study)<\/i>. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp chung trong nh\u00f3m&nbsp;<\/span><i>nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan s\u00e1t<\/i>. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan s\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0&nbsp;<i>prospective<\/i>&nbsp;v\u00e0&nbsp;<i>retrospective<\/i>&nbsp;(xem bi\u1ec3u&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ed3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y- th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1eefa).<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n cho t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi&nbsp;<span>\u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span>&nbsp;<\/i>hay<i>&nbsp;cross-sectional study<\/i>&nbsp;(<span>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en&nbsp;<\/span>l\u00e0 &#8220;nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1eaft ngang&#8221;).&nbsp;<span>\u0110\u00e2y l<\/span>\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n<\/span>\u00e0o&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, nh<\/span>\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngay t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3<\/span>&nbsp;(hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i). M\u1ee5c&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi<\/span>\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh (prevalence) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0o&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u00f3, hay t<\/span>\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong&nbsp;<span>\u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 50 tr\u1edf l<\/span>\u00ean b\u1ecb g\u00e3y x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1ng trong n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n (v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n), t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u xem c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau qu\u1eadn v\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n;<\/li><li>b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai: l\u1eadp danh s\u00e1ch&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng&nbsp;\u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u00ean 50 tu\u1ed5i;<\/li><li>b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 ba: s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh so\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0) 5% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean;<\/li><li>b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 t\u01b0: thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n c\u00e1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m. V\u00ec nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00ec gi\u1edd&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u00ean c\u00e1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li><li>b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 n\u0103m: x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb g\u00e3y x\u01b0\u01a1ng trong&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi (b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 g\u00e3y x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i n\u00e0o), v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 g\u00e3y x\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng&nbsp;<\/em>hay<em>&nbsp;case-control study<\/em>. Trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y, m\u1ee5c&nbsp;\u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t (hay nhi\u1ec1u) y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 (risk factors) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.&nbsp;\u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u00fau b\u1eaft&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec7nh (\u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng), v\u00e0 &#8220;\u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian\u201d t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai nh\u00f3m ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf hormone (hormone replacement therapy hay HRT) v\u00e0 g\u00e3y x\u01b0\u01a1ng (fracture) nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb g\u00e3y x\u01b0\u01a1ng (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>cases<\/em>) m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u;<\/li><li>b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai: ch\u1ecdn nh\u00f3m&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0&nbsp;<em>controls<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb g\u00e3y x\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i, c\u00f9ng gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng;<\/li><li>b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 ba: xem x\u00e9t trong m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng HRT v\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng HRT;<\/li><li>b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 t\u01b0: ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 (trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng HRT) v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 g\u00e3y x\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo th\u1eddi gian (longitudinal study hay prospective study).&nbsp;<\/em>Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng (tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u bi\u1ebft ai m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 ai kh\u00f4ng m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh), v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo th\u1eddi gian nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1eaft&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh, v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian sau&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t ai m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh hay kh\u00f4ng m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng (tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;\u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ai b\u1ecb ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1), v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo th\u1eddi gian, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u bi\u1ebft ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac ban&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea7u ai b\u1ecb ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ee5c&nbsp;\u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo th\u1eddi gian th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t sinh (incidence) b\u1ec7nh trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian (\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c&nbsp;\u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u2013 t\u1ee9c prevalence \u2013 c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh). Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo th\u1eddi gian c\u00f2n cho ph\u00e9p nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 ph\u00e1t sinh b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cross-section ch\u1ec9 ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec3m, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u longitudinal ph\u1ea3i theo d\u00f5i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m th\u00e1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo th\u1eddi gian th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng phu h\u01a1n c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u1ec9 tr\u1ecdng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 (body mass index \u2013 BMI) v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 t\u1eed viong, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo qui tr\u00ecnh sau&nbsp;\u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u g\u1ed3m&nbsp;<em>n&nbsp;<\/em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (hay nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng);<\/li><li>b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai: thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u cao v\u00e0 c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng (\u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh BMI) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 kh\u00e1c ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;<em>t0&nbsp;<\/em>khi c\u00e1c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u;<\/li><li>b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 ba: theo d\u00f5i qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian&nbsp;<em>T&nbsp;<\/em>v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ghi nh\u1eadn bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed vong hay s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t trong nh\u00f3m&nbsp;<em>n&nbsp;<\/em>\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng;<\/li><li>b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 t\u01b0: ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa BMI t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec3m&nbsp;<em>t0<\/em>&nbsp;v\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong trong th\u1eddi gian&nbsp;<em>T<\/em>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean (randomized controlled clinical trial &#8211; RCT).&nbsp;<\/em>C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eeba n\u00eau tr\u00ean (nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec3m, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng&nbsp;<em>nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan s\u00e1t<\/em>&nbsp;(observational study), v\u00ec nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan s\u00e1t, th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m RCT l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eb1m th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ee9c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7u nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p (intervention). C\u00f3 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u RCT, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t:&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ed3m hai nh\u00f3m b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 parallel design).&nbsp;\u0110\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda cho kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m RCT, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;<em>Women\u2019s Health Initiatives<\/em>&nbsp;l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5. Trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u mu\u1ed1n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m xem m\u1ee9c&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7u nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a calcium v\u00e0 vitamin D trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng g\u00e3y x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef sau th\u1eddi m\u00e3n kinh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. H\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc sau&nbsp;\u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m 36.282 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef sau th\u1eddi m\u00e3n kinh (tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 50&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn 79), thu th\u1eadp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng li\u00ean quan;<\/li><li>b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai: d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00f3m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean: nh\u00f3m 1 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 18.176 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng calcium v\u00e0 vitamin D h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y (nh\u00f3m&nbsp;<em>can thi\u1ec7p<\/em>); nh\u00f3m 2 g\u1ed3m 18.106 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f9ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung calcium hay vitamin D (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m&nbsp;<em>\u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng<\/em>&nbsp;hay&nbsp;<em>placebo<\/em>);<\/li><li>b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 ba: theo d\u00f5i hai nh\u00f3m can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i ch\u01b0ng trong th\u1eddi gian 10 n\u0103m (t\u00ednh trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 7 n\u0103m, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qua&nbsp;\u0111\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ea5t li\u00ean l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tham gia c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u). Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111o l\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ecb g\u00e3y x\u01b0\u01a1ng;<\/li><li>b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 t\u01b0: sau khi h\u1ebft th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n theo d\u00f5i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u xem x\u00e9t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vitamin D v\u00e0 calcium&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 g\u00e3y x\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo th\u1eddi gian, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u0169ng theo d\u00f5i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan t\u00e2m (nh\u01b0 g\u00e3y x\u01b0\u01a1ng hay t\u1eed vong ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sau khi&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec3m qua c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecdc qua&nbsp;b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p trong T\u1eadp san Y h\u1ecdc TPHCM nh\u01b0 sau (ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 1<\/em>. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt n\u1ed9i soi cho 172 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi s\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eadt trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 1\/2001 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5\/2005. S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng (control). Trong ph\u1ea7n t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 sau: \u201c<em>\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v<\/em><em>\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u: Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n m\u1edf \u1ed1ng m\u1eadt ch\u1ee7&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb s\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eadt ch\u00ednh qua ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt&nbsp;<\/em>\u2026&#8221; v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfng Anh: &#8220;<em>Patients and Methods: A prospective study included 172 patients undergone laparoscopic CBD exploration for CBD stones treatment was conducted<\/em>&nbsp;\u2026&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/em>:&nbsp;\u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo th\u1eddi gian (prospective study) nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, b\u1edfi v\u00ec d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong th\u1eddi gian th\u00e1ng 1\/2001&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5\/2005, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian theo d\u00f5i, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 &#8220;cross-sectional stuy&#8221; hay nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 2<\/em>. Trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a \u1edf b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u1edf 115 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a (metabolic syndrome). Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec3m (nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 v\u00e0o n\u0103m n\u00e0o). Trong ph\u1ea7n&nbsp;<em>T\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/em>&nbsp;c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 sau: &#8220;<em>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u: M\u00f4 t\u1ea3, ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee9u<\/em>&#8220;, v\u00e0 th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfng Anh: &#8220;<em>Methods: A prospective, descriptive study was conducted in 205 patients coronary artery stenosis<\/em>&nbsp;\u2026&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/em>: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u (v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cti\u1ec1n c\u1ee9u\u201d, v\u00ec&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i &#8220;ti\u1ec1n&#8221; t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u00f3i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 &#8211; nh\u01b0 \u201cti\u1ec1n s\u1eed\u201d ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong khi \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9).&nbsp;\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u &#8220;<em>prospective<\/em>&#8220;nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng theo d\u00f5i b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 &#8220;cross-sectional stuy&#8221; hay nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 3<\/em>. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c&nbsp;\u0111\u0103ng trong c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed&nbsp;\u0111o m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5t kho\u00e1ng trong x\u01b0\u01a1ng (bone mineral density) \u1edf 72 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c corticosteroid tr\u00ean 3 th\u00e1ng,&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 lo\u00e3ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 &#8220;<em>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p: Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1eaft ngang m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/em>&#8220;, nh\u01b0ng trong ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfng Anh th\u00ec ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 &#8220;<em>Method: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted 72 patients or longer corticosteroid<\/em>&nbsp;\u2026&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/em>: \u1ede&nbsp;\u0111\u00e2y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u1ecf ra m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn khi vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u1ea1ng &#8220;<em>prospective, cross-sectional study<\/em>&#8220;, v\u00ec nh\u01b0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec3m (cross-sectional study) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo th\u1eddi gian (prospective study). (Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u prospective v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u2013 baseline \u2013 th\u00ec ph\u00e2n t\u00edch&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;cross-sectional analysis&#8221;). M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 &#8220;cross-sectional stuy&#8221; hay nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 4<\/em>. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu tr\u00ean 46 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ung th\u01b0 t\u00e2m v\u1ecb trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 1\/1999&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12\/2005, v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau an to\u00e0n sau khi gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m so s\u00e1nh hay&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m. Trong ph\u1ea7n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho bi\u1ebft \u201c<em>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u: ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee9u can thi\u1ec7p, th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/em>&#8220;, nh\u01b0ng trong ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfng Anh th\u00ec vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 &#8220;<em>Patients and Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study conducted from January 1999 to December 2005 in 46 patients<\/em>&nbsp;\u2026&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/strong><\/em>: C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 1, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tuy\u1ec3n b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 1\/1999&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12\/2005, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau an to\u00e0n sau khi gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec3m. V\u00ec th\u1ebf,&nbsp;\u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t &#8220;prospective study&#8221; nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9&nbsp;\u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u &#8220;cross-sectional&#8221; hay nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>V\u00e0i h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t chung<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.&nbsp;\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9&nbsp;\u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e0i t\u1eed hay thi\u1ebfu nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u mang t\u00ednh h\u00e0n l\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong khoa h\u1ecdc. Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed t\u1eebng n\u00f3i &#8220;N\u1ebfu ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i; n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec&nbsp;\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u1ebd suy tho\u00e1i&#8221;. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo th\u1eddi gian. Cho n\u00ean ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u sai (b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh) v\u1ec1 hai th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.&nbsp;\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef &#8220;prospective&#8221; c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb v\u1ea5n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 hay c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp san. T\u00f4i n\u00f3i \u201cv\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1\u201d l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o trong t\u1eadp san c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u sai s\u00f3t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Anh. Sai v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m, ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p, ng\u1eef v\u1ef1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef.&nbsp;Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea h\u1ebft \u1edf&nbsp;\u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng Anh, v\u00ec t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 sai s\u00f3t qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong m\u1ecdi b\u00e0i b\u00e1o. Nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u1eadt&nbsp;\u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1i, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i&nbsp;\u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn kh\u00f4ng hay v\u1ec1&nbsp;\u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1eadt ra, nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef (v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh) kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean hay m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng m\u1ef1c&nbsp;\u0111en c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Y h\u1ecdc TPHCM xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t t\u1eeb h\u01a1n 10 n\u0103m nay. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng cho n\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a y h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd&nbsp;\u0111\u00e3&nbsp;\u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i&nbsp;c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o y h\u1ecdc, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n&nbsp;\u0111\u1ec3 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef, sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&nbsp;\u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u00e2ng cao s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u y h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/handttg\/home\/dich-te-thu-y\/thon-tin-y-hoc\/ve-mot-su-hieu-lam-thuat-ngu-prospective<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>B\u00e0i n\u00e0y hay m\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c tr\u00f4i \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u m\u1ea5t&#8230; T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tu\u1ea5n M\u1edbi&nbsp;\u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea v\u00e0&nbsp;\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 t\u1eb7ng T\u1ea1p<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,41],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-191","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-doc-sach-cho-vui","category-english-corner"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cdha.edu.vn\/cdha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/191","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cdha.edu.vn\/cdha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cdha.edu.vn\/cdha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cdha.edu.vn\/cdha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cdha.edu.vn\/cdha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=191"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/cdha.edu.vn\/cdha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/191\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":259,"href":"https:\/\/cdha.edu.vn\/cdha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/191\/revisions\/259"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cdha.edu.vn\/cdha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=191"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cdha.edu.vn\/cdha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=191"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cdha.edu.vn\/cdha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=191"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}